看陕西:悠久历史 HISTORY OF SHAANXI 王玉梅 著 下载 极速 rtf epub 在线 word txt pdf

Shaanxi is one of the cradles of Chinese civilization. So places of historical interest can be found almost all around the province. The name Shaanxi came into being in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Then during the Spring and Autumn Period Shaanxi was under the control of the Kingdom of Qin, so it is now also called “Shaan” or “Qin” for short. Xi’an, the capital of Shaanxi, ranks first on the list of China’s seven largest ancient capitals. From 11th century B.C. , Xi’an or its vicinity has been established as the capital city by 13 kingdoms or feudal dynasties successively, including the Western Zhou, the Qin, the Han, the Sui and the Tang. It serves as an ancient capital city beyond comparison with regard to the number of dynasties and span of time.

In this volume “history of Shaanxi” begins with fossil of Lantian Man in the Prehistoric Age until the Qing Dynasty. The events and figures in history are introduced on the basis of a variety of cultural resources including lots of historical sites, ancient tombs, ancient buildings and artifacts of national class.

The first chapter begins with the fossil of a man’s skull discovered in Lantian County in the Prehistoric Age. Then it introduces Banpo Men who lived in the matriarchal clan community and had a rather high level of productivity during Yangshao Culture.

The Yellow Emperor, the legendary leader of Huaxia tribesmen in the patriarchal clan community during the Longshan Culture has been worshiped as the forefather of the Chinese nation. His legends are discussed in Chapter 2.

In Chapter 3 the Zhou Dynasty experienced three different stages of historical development: the Zhou Clan, the Zhoufang State and the Western Zhou Dynasty. In this great dynasty the development of China’s bronze culture reached its peak.

Then Qin Dynasty as the first unified, multinational and powercentralized state in Chinese history exerted great influence on the following dynasties. The various weapons, terracotta warriors and horses, and bronze chariots and horses discovered around the First Qin Emperor’s Mausoleum show the unprecedented prosperity and progress of the Qin Dynasty in its military affairs, economy and culture.

In Chapter 5 the Han Dynasty, one of the most powerful empires, continues a very important episode in Chinese history. The Han attached great importance to the development of agriculture, textile, potterymanufacture and paper making. During the region of Emperor Wu Di, the Silk Road was formally opened.

Chapter 6 talks about Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, when the changes of regime were most frequent in Chinese history. Historical sites like Wuhou Tomb in the south of Shaanxi Province, Caotang Temple in the middle and Tongwan City in the north remember the history fondly.

Chapter 7 talks about Sui Dynasty, a short but significant dynasty, connecting Southern and Northern Dynasties and Tang Dynasty.Stories about Daxing City, Daxingshan Temple and Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty are the main content in this chapter.

Tang Dynasty is one of the most significant and the most prosperous eras in the history of China. Chapter 8 talks about Chang’an City in Tang Dynasty, emperors and their mausoleums and temples of Tang Dynasty. Chang’an City, the first international metropolis with more than one million residents, was the cultural center of the world. The city was in careful planning and reasonable layout, with unique architecture.There were altogether 21 emperors in Tang Dynasty. Except Emperor Zhaozong (Li Ye) and Emperor Ai (Li Zhu), the other 19 emperors were buried in Guanzhong Area of Shaanxi.

During Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, Chang’an City was not the political, economic and cultural center any more, but a lot of architectures were built and preserved until today. Chapter 9 talks about Xi’an Beilin Museum, Chongyang Palace and Zu’an Stele Forest, Dangjia Village, Chang’an City in Ming Dynasty and so on.

Chapter 1 The Prehistoric Age 1 1.1 Lantian Man 2 1.2 Banpo Museum 6Chapter 2 Humanistic Legends—Origin of Huaxia 15 2.1 The Mausoleum of Yellow Emperor 15 2.2 Yellow Emperor 19 2.3 Origin of Huaxia 27Chapter 3 Western Zhou Dynasty and Eastern Zhou Dynasty 29 3.1 Zhougong Temple 30 3.1.1 The Origin of Zhou Clan 34 3.1.2 Zhouyi 36 3.1.3 Zhougong Jidan and His Law and Discipline Rites 38 3.2 Beacon Tower in Lishan National Park 46 3.3 Baoji Bronze Ware Museum 47 3.4 No.1 Tomb for the Duke of Qin 53 3.4.1 The Rise of Qin Clan 56 3.4.2 Shang Yang’s Reform 60 3.4.3 Qin Culture in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty(770-256 B.C.) 62 3.5 Louguan Temple and Laozi 68Chapter 4 The Qin Dynasty 70 4.1 Terracotta Army 71 4.2 Emperor Qin Shi Huang 77 4.3 Relics of the Epang Palace 87Chapter 5 The Western Han Dynasty 90 5.1 Changling Tomb—The Mausoleum of Liu Bang 96 5.2 Yangling Mausoleum of the Han Dynasty (Hanyangling) 100 5.3 Maoling Mausoleum of Han Dynasty 107 5.4 Xiama Ling 114 5.5 Grave and Ancestral Temple of Sima Qian 117 5.6 Museum of Ancient Bricks in Duling Mausoleum 122Chapter 6 Wei, Jin, Southern, Northern Dynasties 128 6.1 Wuhou Tomb and Wuhou Temple 128 6.2 Baoxie Plank Road and Shimen Tunnel 134 6.3 Caotang Temple and Kumarajiva 138 6.4 The Site of Tongwan City 142Chapter 7 Sui Dynasty 148 7.1 Daxing City 148 7.2 Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty and Tai Mausoleum 151 7.2.1 Yang Jian, Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty, and Kaihuang Period 151 7.2.2 Tailing Mausoleum of Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty 157 7.3 Daxingshan Temple 157Chapter 8 Tang Dynasty 163 8.1 Chang’an City in Tang Dynasty 163 8.1.1 Daming Palace 165 8.1.2 Xingqing Park 169 8.1.3 Tang West Market Museum 173 8.2 Mausoleums of Tang Dynasty 178 8.2.1 Emperor Taizong and Zhaoling Mausoleum 179 8.2.2 Wu Zetian, Qianling Mausoleum and its Attendant Tombs 188 8.2.3 Emperor Xuanzong and Tailing Mausoleum 201 8.2.4 Emperor Ruizong and Qiaoling Mausoleum 207 8.3 Temples of Tang Dynasty 212 8.3.1 Big Wild Goose Pagoda 212 8.3.2 Small Wild Goose Pagoda 214 8.4 Yaozhou Kiln Museum 216Chapter 9 The Dynasties of Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing 224 9.1 Xi’an Beilin Museum 225 9.2 Chongyang Palace and Zu’an Stele Forest 233 9.3 Dangjia Village 237 9.4 Chang’an City in Ming Dynasty 245 9.4.1 City Wall in Xi’an 245 9.4.2 Bell Tower and Drum Tower 250 9.4.3 Capital City God’s Temple 253 9.4.4 Shuyuan Men 255 9.5 Guangren Temple 259 9.6 Imperial Palace of Li Zicheng 263Bibliography 265

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前言

The history of Shaanxi is a history of the rise and fall of the Chinese dynasties. Shaanxi witnessed the development of the great Chinese civilization. Shaanxi is a province rich with cultural relics. As of the end of 2011, the province had unearthed 23, 453 ancient ruins, 14, 367 ancient mausoleums, and 6,702 ancient buildings.     As the ancient capital Xi’an was once called “Chang’an” in the Han Dynasty which means “permanent peace”. Xi’an marks the starting point of Silk Road. It is regarded as one of the “Four Ancient Capitals of the World”, together with Rome, Athens, and Istanbul. A large number of historic attractions can be found in Xi’an including the remains of Banpo Village, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, the Big Wild Goose Pagoda and Small Wild Goose Pagoda built in the Tang Dynasty, the Bell Tower, Drum Tower and City Wall built in the Ming Dynasty. While visiting this old city one could go through thousands of years back in history. What’s more, Shaanxi is worthy of the name “a province with rich cultural relics” and “a natural history museum”.     Let’s begin our journey of history: to take a look at those abundant cultural relics in Shaanxi Province and listen to what happened to those people who ever lived on this land.