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目录

第1章 Django的世界 ················1

1.1 认识Django ··································1

1.2 版本选择 ·····································1

1.3 搭建开发环境 ·······························2

1.3.1 安装Python ································2

1.3.2 安装Django ································2

第2章 Web开发框架 ·······················4

2.1 Socket编程 ··································4

2.2 MTV框架 ····································6

第3章 搭建个Django网站 ··········8

3.1 创建项目 ·····································8

3.2 运行项目 ·····································9

3.3 创建投票应用 ·····························10

3.4 开发个视图 ··························11

3.5 配置数据库 ································12

3.6 创建模型 ···································13

3.7 激活模型 ···································14

3.8 Django管理页面 ··························15

3.9 向管理页面中添加投票应用 ···········16

3.10 添加视图 ··································18

3.10.1 扩展视图 ································19

3.10.2 处理404错误 ··························21

3.11 使用模板系统 ····························22

3.11.1 模板中的超链接 ·······················23

3.11.2 为超链接添加命名空间 ··············23

3.12 HTML表单 ·······························24

3.13 添加样式 ··································27

3.14 本地化 ·····································28

3.15 小结 ········································29

第4章 django-admin和manage.py ····30

4.1 help ··········································31

4.2 version·······································32

4.3 check ········································32

4.4 compilemessages ··························32

4.5 createcachetable ····························34

4.6 dbshell ·······································34

4.7 diffsettings ··································35

4.8 dumpdata····································35

4.9 flush··········································36

4.10 inspectdb ··································36

4.11 loata ····································38

4.12 makemessages ····························38

4.tartproject ································39

4.tartapp ····································39

4.15 runserver···································40

4.endteste······························40

4.hell ········································41

4.18 迁移 ········································41

4.18.1 makemigrations ························41

4.18.2 migrate ···································42

4.18.3 sqlmigrate ·······························43

4.18.4 showmigrations ·························43

4.19 changepassword ··························44

4. createsuperuser ···························44

4.21 collectstatic································44

4.22 findstatic ···································45

4.23 默认选项 ··································45

第5章 配置 ···································46

5.1 Django配置文件 ··························46

5.1.1 引用Django配置信息 ·······················47

5.1.2 django.setup ·········································47

5.2 Cache ······················································48

5.2.1 CACHES ·············································48

5.2.2 CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_ALIAS: ····49

5.2.3 CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_KEY_PREFIX: ··············································49

5.2.4 CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_SECONDS: ··········································49

5.3 数据库 ····················································50

5.3.1 DATABASES ······································50

5.3.2 DATABASE_ROUTERS ····················54

5.3.3 DEFAULT_INDEX_TABLESPACE···57

5.3.4 DEFAULT_TABLESPACE ·················57

5.4 调试 ························································57

5.4.1 DEBUG ···············································57

5.4.2 DEBUG_PROPAGATE_EXCEPTIONS ·····································58

5.5 电子邮件 ················································58

5.5.1 ADMINS ·············································58

5.5.2 DEFAULT_FROM_EMAIL ················59

5.5.3 EMAIL_BACKEND ···························59

5.5.4 EMAIL_HOST ····································59

5.5.5 EMAIL_HOST_USER ························59

5.5.6 EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD ·············59

5.5.7 EMAIL_PORT ·····································59

5.5.8 EMAIL_TIMEOUT ·····························59

5.5.9 SERVER_EMAIL ································59

5.5.10 MANAGERS ·····································60

5.6 文件上传 ················································60

5.6.1 DEFAULT_FILE_STORAGE ·············60

5.6.2 FILE_CHARSET ·································60

5.6.3 FILE_UPLOAD_HANDLERS ···········60

5.6.4 FILE_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE ·····················································60

5.6.5 FILE_UPLOAD_PERMISSIONS·······60

5.6.6 FILE_UPLOAD_DIRECTORY_PERMISSIONS ···································60

5.6.7 FILE_UPLOAD_TEMP_DIR ·············61

5.6.8 MEDIA_ROOT ···································61

5.6.9 MEDIA_URL ······································61

5.6.10 静态文件 ···········································62

5.7 表单 ························································63

5.8 化（i18n/l10n） ································63

5.8.1 DECIMAL_SEPARATOR···················63

5.8.2 NUMBER_GROUPING ·····················63

5.8.3 THOUSAND_SEPARATOR ···············65

5.8.4 USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR ·····66

5.8.5 FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK ···················66

5.8.6 DATE_FORMAT ·································66

5.8.7 DATE_INPUT_FORMATS ·················66

5.8.8 DATETIME_FORMAT ·······················67

5.8.9 SHORT_DATE_FORMAT ··················67

5.8.10 SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT ······67

5.8.11 DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS ·····67

5.8.12 TIME_FORMAT ·······························68

5.8.13 TIME_INPUT_FORMATS ···············68

5.8.14 YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT ·············68

5.8.15 MONTH_DAY_FORMAT ················68

5.8.16 TIME_ZONE ·····································69

5.8.17 LANGUAGE_CODE ························69

5.8.18 LANGUAGE_COOKIE_AGE ··········69

5.8.19 LANGUAGE_COOKIE_DOMAIN ···········································69

5.8. LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME ······70

5.8.21 LANGUAGE_COOKIE_PATH ········70

5.8.22 LANGUAGES ···································70

5.8.23 LANGUAGES_BIDI·························70

5.8.24 LOCALE_PATHS ······························70

5.8.25 USE_I18N ·········································70

5.8.26 USE_L10N ········································71

5.8.27 USE_TZ ·············································71

5.8.28 Python datetime语法 ························71

5.9 ······················································71

5.9.1 DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE ·····················································71

5.9.2 DATA_UPLOAD_MAX_NUMBER_FIELDS ················································72

5.9.3 DEFAULT_CHARSET ·······················72

5.9.4 DISALLOWED_USER_AGENTS ·····72

5.9.5 FORCE_SCRIPT_NAME ···················72

5.9.6 INTERNAL_IPS ·································72

5.9.7 SECURE_BROWSER_XSS_FILTER ················································73

5.9.8 SECURE_CONTENT_TYPE_NOSNIFF·············································73

5.9.9 SECURE_HSTS_INCLUDE_SUBDOMAINS ···································73

5.9.10 SECURE_HSTS_PRELOAD ············73

5.9.11 SECURE_HSTS_SECONDS ············73

5.9.12 SECURE_PROXY_SSL_HEADER ·············································74

5.9.13 SECURE_REDIRECT_EXEMPT ····74

5.9.14 SECURE_REFERRER_POLICY ·····75

5.9.15 SECURE_SSL_HOST ·······················75

5.9.16 SECURE_SSL_REDIRECT ·············75

5.9.17 SIGNING_BACKEND ·····················75

5.9.18 WSGI_APPLICATION ·····················75

5.10 ······················································75

5.10.1 SECRET_KEY ··································75

5.10.2 ALLOWED_HOSTS ·························76

5.11 CSRF ····················································76

5.11.1 CSRF_COOKIE_AGE ······················76

5.11.2 CSRF_COOKIE_DOMAIN ··············77

5.11.3 CSRF_COOKIE_ONLY ··········77

5.11.4 CSRF_COOKIE_NAME ···················77

5.11.5 CSRF_COOKIE_PATH ·····················77

5.11.6 CSRF_COOKIE_SAMESITE ···········77

5.11.7 CSRF_COOKIE_SECURE ···············77

5.11.8 CSRF_USE_SESSIONS ····················78

5.11.9 CSRF_FAILURE_VIEW ···················78

5.11.10 CSRF_HEADER_NAME ················78

5.11.11 CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS ·········78

5.11.12 代码示例 ·········································78

5.12 模型 ······················································81

5.12.1 ABSOLUTE_URL_OVERRIDES ····81

5.12.2 FIXTURE_DIRS ·······························81

5.12.3 INSTALLED_APPS ··························81

5.13 日志 ······················································81

5.13.1 LOGGING ·········································81

5.13.2 LOGGING_CONFIG ························82

5.14 模板 ······················································82

5.15 URLs ····················································83

5.15.1 ROOT_URLCONF ····························83

5.15.2 APPEND_SLASH ·····························83

5.15.3 PREPEND_ ····························84

5.16 其他 ······················································84

5.16.1 DEFAULT_EXCEPTION_REPORTER_FILTER ························84

5.16.2 MIDDLEWARE ································84

第6章 后台管理页面 ·······················85

6.1 ModelAdmin属 ·································85

6.1.1 date_hierarchy ·····································86

6.1.2 actions_on_top/actions_on_bottom ·····88

6.1.3 actions_selection_counter ····················88

6.1.4 empty_value_display ···························89

6.1.5 exclude ·················································90

6.1.6 fi elds·····················································91

6.1.7 fi eldsets ················································92

6.1.8 fi lter_horizontal ···································94

6.1.9 fi lter_vertical ········································95

6.1.10 form ···················································96

6.1.11 formfi eld_overrides ····························96

6.1.12 inlines·················································97

6.1.13 list_display ·········································97

6.1.14 list_display_links ·····························100

6.1.15 list_editable ······································101

6.1.16 list_fi lter ···········································102

6.1.17 list_per_page ····································102

6.1.18 list_max_show_all ···························103

6.1.19 list_select_related ····························103

6.1. ordering ············································104

6.1.21 paginator ··········································104

6.1.22 prepopulated_fi elds ··························104

6.1.23 preserve_fi lters·································104

6.1.24 radio_fi elds ······································105

6.1.25 autocomplete_fi elds ·························105

6.1.26 raw_id_fi elds ···································106

6.1.27 readonly_fi elds·································107

6.1.28 save_as ·············································107

6.1.29 save_as_continue ·····························107

6.1.30 save_on_top ·····································108

6.1.3earch_fi elds ····································108

6.1.32 show_full_result_count ···················110

6.1.33 sortable_by·······································110

6.1.34 view_on_site ····································110

6.1.35 自定义模板 ····································· 111

6.2 ModelAdmin 方法 ·······························112

6.2.ave_model ········································112

6.2.2 delete_model ······································113

6.2.3 delete_queryset ··································113

6.2.4 save_formset ······································113

6.2.5 get_ordering ·······································114

6.2.6 get_search_results() ···························114

6.2.7 save_related ·······································114

6.2.8 get_autocomplete_fi elds ····················115

6.2.9 get_readonly_fi elds ····························115

6.2.10 get_prepopulated_fi elds ···················115

6.2.11 get_list_display ································115

6.2.12 get_list_display_links ······················115

6.2.13 get_exclude ······································115

6.2.14 get_fi elds ··········································115

6.2.15 get_fi eldsets ·····································115

6.2.16 get_list_fi lter ····································115

6.2.17 get_list_select_related ·····················116

6.2.18 get_search_fi elds ·····························116

6.2.19 get_sortable_by ································116

6.2. get_inline_instances·························116

6.2.21 get_inlines ········································116

6.2.22 get_urls ············································116

6.2.23 get_form···········································117

6.2.24 get_formsets_with_inlines ···············117

6.2.25 formfi eld_for_foreignKey ···············118

6.2.26 formfi eld_for_manytomany ·············118

6.2.27 formfi eld_for_choice_fi eld ··············118

6.2.28 get_changelist ··································119

6.2.29 get_changelist_form ························119

6.2.30 get_changelist_formset ····················119

6.2.31 lookup_allowed ·······························119

6.2.32 has_view_permission·······················1

6.2.33 has__permission·························1

6.2.34 has_change_permission ···················1

6.2.35 has_delete_permission ·····················1

6.2.36 has_module_permission ··················1

6.2.37 get_queryset ·····································1

6.2.38 message_user ···································121

6.2.39 get_paginator ···································121

6.2.40 response_ ···································121

6.2.41 response_change ······························121

6.2.42 response_delete ································121

6.2.43 get_changeform_initial_data ···········122

6.2.44 get_deleted_objects ·························122

6.2.45 _view ··········································123

6.2.46 change_view ····································123

6.2.47 changelist_view ·······························123

6.2.48 delete_view ······································123

6.2.49 history_view ····································123

6.3 ModelAdmin资源 ·······························123

6.4 定制验能 ······································124

6.5 InlineModelAdmin ·······························124

6.5.1 InlineModelAdmin.model ·················125

6.5.2 InlineModelAdmin.fk_name ·············125

6.5.3 InlineModelAdmin.formset ···············125

6.5.4 InlineModelAdmin.form····················125

6.5.5 InlineModelAdmin.classes ················125

6.5.6 InlineModelAdmin.extra ···················125

6.5.7 InlineModelAdmin.max_num ···········126

6.5.8 InlineModelAdmin.min_num ············126

6.5.9 InlineModelAdmin.raw_id_fi elds······127

6.5.10 InlineModelAdmin.template············128

6.5.11 InlineModelAdmin.verbose_name ···128

6.5.12 InlineModelAdmin.verbose_name_plural ················································128

6.5.13 InlineModelAdmin.can_delete ········128

6.5.14 InlineModelAdmin.show_change_link ···················································129

6.5.15 InlineModelAdmin.get_formset(request, obj=None, **kwargs) ·······129

6.5.16 InlineModelAdmin.get_extra(request,obj=None, **kwargs) ······················129

6.5.17 InlineModelAdmin.get_max_num(request, obj=None, **kwargs) ·······129

6.5.18 InlineModelAdmin.get_min_num(request, obj=None, **kwargs) ·······130

6.5.19 InlineModelAdmin.has__permission(request, obj) ··················130

6.5. InlineModelAdmin.has_change_permission(request, obj=None) ·······130

6.5.21 InlineModelAdmin.has_delete_permission(request, obj=None) ·······130

6.5.22 使用中间模型处理 ManyToMany关系 ·················································130

6.6 重写管理后台模板 ······························131

6.6.1 新建管理后台模板 ···························131

6.6.2 重写与替换 ·······································133

6.6.3 可重写模板 ·······································134

6.6.4 根模板和登录模板 ···························134

6.7 AdminSite ·············································134

6.7.1 重写AdminSite ·································134

6.7.2 多管理后台的实现 ···························136

第7章 路由系统 ···························137

7.1 Django处理请求的流程 ·········137

7.2 URLconf示例 ······································137

7.3 URL参数类型转化器 ·························138

7.4 自定义URL参数类型转化器 ············138

7.5 使用正则表达式 ··································140

7.6 导入其他URLconf ······························140

7.7 向视图传递额外参数 ··························141

7.8 动态生成URL ·····································142

7.9 URL名字和命名空间 ·························143

第8章 模型 ·································145

8.1 模型简介 ··············································145

8.2 使用模型 ··············································145

8.3 字段 ······················································146

8.3.1 AutoField ···········································146

8.3.2 BigAutoField ·····································146

8.3.3 BinaryField ········································146

8.3.4 BooleanField ······································146

8.3.5 CharField ···········································147

8.3.6 DateField ···········································147

8.3.7 DateTimeField ···································148

8.3.8 DecimalField ·····································148

8.3.9 EField ·········································149

8.3.10 FileField ···········································149

8.3.11 FilePathField ····································150

8.3.12 FloatField ·········································151

8.3.13 ImageField ·······································151

8.3.14 IntegerField ······································151

8.3.15 GenericIPressField ····················151

8.3.16 PositiveIntegerField ·························152

8.3.17 PositiveSmallIntegerField ···············152

8.3.18 SlugField ··········································152

8.3.19 SmallIntegerField ····························152

8.3. TextField ··········································152

8.3.21 TimeField ·········································152

8.3.22 URLField ·········································152

8.3.23 UUIDField ·······································152

8.4 字段参数 ··············································153

8.4.1 ·····················································153

8.4.2 blank ··················································153

8.4.3 choices ···············································153

8.4.4 default ················································156

8.4.5 help_text ············································156

8.4.6 primary_Key ······································156

8.4.7 unique ················································156

8.4.8 verbose_name ····································156

8.5 表与表之间关系 ··································157

8.5.1 多对一关系 ·······································157

8.5.2 多对多关系 ·······································157

8.5.3 一对一关系 ·······································158

8.6 模型元属 ··········································158

8.7 元属 ··················································158

8.7.1 abstract ···············································159

8.7.2 app_label ············································159

8.7.3 base_manager_name ··························159

8.7.4 db_table ·············································159

8.7.5 get_latey ······································159

8.7.6 order_with_respect_to ·······················159

8.7.7 ordering ··············································160

8.7.8 Indexes ···············································160

8.7.9 constraints ··········································161

8.7.10 verbose_name ··································161

8.7.11 verbose_name_plural ·······················161

8.8 Manager 类 ···········································161

8.8.1 自定义Manager类 ···························162

8.8.2 直接执行SQL语句 ··························162

8.8.3 执行存储过程 ···································165

8.9 数据增删改查 ······································165

8.10 数据操阶——QuerySets ···········171

8.10.1 创建对象 ·········································172

8.10.2 修改对象 ·········································172

8.10.3 更新ForeignKey ·····························172

8.10.4 更新ManyToManyField ·················173

8.10.5 数据查询 ·········································174

8.10.6 链式过滤器 ·····································179

8.10.7 查询条件 ·········································180

8.10.8 模型深度检索 ·································183

8.10.9 多条件查询 ·····································184

8.10.10 主键查询 ·······································185

8.10.11 查询条件中的%和_ ···················185

8.10.12 F()函数 ·········································186

8.10.13 Func()表达式································187

8.10.14 QuerySet和缓存 ···························188

8.10.15 复杂查询与Q对象 ······················189

8.10.16 模型比较 ·······································190

8.10.17 模型实例 ·······························190

8.10.18 批量更新 ·······································190

8.10.19 模型关系 ·······································191

第9章 视图 ·································193

9.1 视图结构 ··············································193

9.2 状态处理 ···································193

9.3 快捷方式 ··············································195

9.3.1 render_to_string() ······························195

9.3.2 render() ··············································195

9.3.3 redirect() ············································196

9.3.4 get_object_or_404()···························197

9.3.5 get_list_or_404() ·······························198

9.4 视图装饰器 ··········································198

9.4.1 方法装饰器 ····························199

9.4.2 GZip压缩 ··········································199

9.4.3 Vary ····················································0

9.4.4 缓存 ···················································1

9.5 Django内置视图 ·································2

9.5.erve ···················································2

9.5.2 错误视图 ···········································3

9.6 HttpRequest对象 ·································4

9.6.1 属 ···················································4

9.6.2 中间件属 ·······································5

9.6.3 方法 ···················································6

9.6.4 QueryDict对象 ·································7

9.7 HttpResponse对象 ·······························8

9.7.1 属 ···················································9

9.7.2 方法 ···················································210

9.7.3 HttpResponse子类 ····························211

9.7.4 JsonResponse ·····································211

9.7.5 FileResponse ······································212

9.8 TemplateResponse对象 ·······················212

9.8.1 SimpleTemplateResponse对象 ·········212

9.8.2 TemplateResponse对象 ····················213

9.8.3 TemplateResponse对象渲染过程 ····214

9.8.4 回调函数 ···········································215

9.8.5 使用TemplateResponse对象 ···········215

9.9 文件上传 ··············································216

9.9.1 单一文件上传 ···································216

9.9.2 多文件上传 ·······································218

9.9.3 临时文件 ···········································219

9.10 类视图 ················································219

9.10.1 类视图入门 ·····································219

9.10.2 继承类视图 ·····································2

9.11 通用视图 ············································2

9.11.1 通用视图 ·········································2

9.11.2 修改通用视图属 ·························222

9.11.3 添加额外的上下文对象 ·················222

9.11.4 queryset属 ···································223

9.11.5 动态过滤 ·········································224

9.11.6 通用视图与模型 ·····························225

9.12 表单视图 ············································225

9.12.1 编辑表单视图 ·································226

9.12.2 当前用户 ·········································228

第10章 模板 ·······························230

10.1 加载模板 ············································230

10.2 模板语言 ············································231

10.2.1 变量 ·················································231

10.2.2 标签 ·················································232

10.2.3 人化语义标签 ·····························236

10.2.4 过滤器 ·············································239

10.2.5 注释 ·················································241

10.3 自定义标签和过滤器 ························241

10.3.1 编写自定义过滤器 ·························242

10.3.2 编写自定义标签 ·····························243

10.4 模板继承 ············································244

第11章 表单系统 ·························250

11.1 Form类 ··············································250

11.2 表单字段类型 ····································251

11.3 表单字段通用属 ····························255

11.4 表单与模板 ········································255

第12章 中间件 ····························257

12.1 缓存中间件 ········································257

12.2 通用中间件 ········································258

12.3 GZip中间件 ·······································258

12.4 有条件的GET中间件 ······················258

12.5 语言环境的中间件 ····························258

12.6 消息中间件 ········································259

12.7 中间件 ········································259

12.8 会话中间件 ········································259

12.9 站点中间件 ········································259

12.10 身份验证中间件 ······························259

12.11 CSRF保护中间件 ···························260

12.12 X-Frame-Options中间件 ·················260

12.13 中间件排序 ······································260

12.14 开发中间件 ······································261

第13章 自动化测试 ······················263

13.1 编写个测例 ························263

13.2 执行测例 ····································264

13.3 修改代码中的bug ·····························264

13.4 边界值测试 ········································265

13.5 测试自定义视图 ································266

13.6 测试DetailView ·································268

第14章 化和本地化 ················270

14.1 名词解释 ············································270

14.2 翻译概述 ············································271

14.3 在Python行化 ···················271

14.3.1 注释 ·················································272

14.3.2 空操作 ·············································273

14.3.3 复数 ·················································273

14.3.4 上下文标记 ·····································274

14.3.5 延迟翻译 ·········································275

14.3.6 本地化的语言名 ·····························276

14.4 编写模板代码 ····································277

14.4.1 trans ·················································277

14.4.2 blocktrans·········································278

14.4.3 注释 ·················································279

14.5 翻译原理 ············································279

第15章 ·······························282

15.1 网络攻击与保护 ································282

15.1.1 跨站脚本攻击 ·································282

15.1.2 跨站请求伪造攻击 ·························283

15.1.3 SQL注入 ·········································284

15.1.4 点击劫持 ·········································284

15.2 检查配置信息 ····································284

第16章 部署 ·······························286

16.1 WSGI和Application对象 ················286

16.2 Ubuntu部署Django ··························286

16.2.1 查看系统版本 ·································286

16.2.2 更换国内源 ·····································286

16.2.3 查看Python版本 ····························287

16.2.4 安装pip3 ·········································288

16.2.5 安装nginx ·······································289

16.2.6 安装Django ····································289

16.2.7 安装uwsgi ·······································289

16.2.8 命令行运行网站 ·····························290

16.2.9 配置uwsgi ·······································290

16.2.10 配置nginx ·····································291

16.2.11 启动网站 ·······································291

16.2.12 设置静态文件 ·······························292

16.2.13 自启动服务 ···································293

16.3 CentOS部署Django ··························293

16.3.1 查看系统版本 ·································293

16.3.2 更换国内源 ·····································294

16.3.3 更新Python ·····································294

16.3.4 安装Django ····································296

16.3.5 安装uwsgi ·······································296

16.3.6 命令行运行网站 ·····························296

16.3.7 配置uwsgi ·······································296

16.3.8 安装nginx ·······································297

16.3.9 自启动服务 ·····································298

附录A 语言码 ······························299

附录B 日期格式化字符串 ···············301

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